{ "schemaVersion": 1, "title": "AI Policy España — Biblioteca / Library", "reviewedAt": "2026-09-20", "reviewUrl": "https://aipolicy.es/revision-editorial/", "resources": [ { "id": "eu-ai-act-timeline", "title": "Timeline for the Implementation of the EU AI Act", "description": "The Commission’s implementation timeline, read alongside Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. Article 50 generally applies from 2 August 2026; the amended calendar separates high-risk systems, new prohibitions and transitional provisions. Consult the legal text for the applicable case.", "url": "https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/eu-ai-act-implementation-timeline", "source": "AI Act Service Desk", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Explainer", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English" ], "isEssential": true, "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Calendario de aplicación de la Comisión, leído junto al Reglamento (UE) 2026/1744. El artículo 50 se aplica con carácter general desde el 2 de agosto de 2026; el calendario modificado distingue alto riesgo, nuevas prohibiciones y disposiciones transitorias. El texto jurídico determina cada supuesto." }, { "id": "spain-ai-strategy-2024", "title": "Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2024", "description": "Spain's 2024-2025 acceleration plan, adding EUR1.5B to EUR600M already mobilized and organizing the agenda around AI capacity, adoption, and humanistic governance.", "url": "https://digital.gob.es/content/dam/portal-mtdfp/DigitalizacionIA/Estrategia_IA_2024.pdf", "source": "Portal MTDFP", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Strategy", "theme": "strategy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2024", "readingTime": "45 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isEssential": true, "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "El plan de aceleración de España para 2024-2025, que añade 1.500 millones de euros a los 600 millones ya movilizados y articula la agenda en torno a la capacidad en IA, la adopción y la gobernanza humanista." }, { "id": "alia-public-ai", "title": "ALIA: Public AI Infrastructure in Spanish and Co-official Languages", "description": "The flagship public-language-model project: open AI resources for Spanish, Catalan/Valencian, Basque, and Galician. Read it as a multi-institution public data and language-infrastructure program, not as a claim to beat commercial frontier models.", "url": "https://alia.gob.es/eng", "source": "ALIA", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain / BSC-CNS", "type": "Portal", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "English", "Compute" ], "isEssential": true, "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "El proyecto emblemático de modelos lingüísticos públicos: recursos abiertos de IA para el español, catalán/valenciano, euskera y gallego. Debe entenderse como un programa multiinstitucional de datos públicos e infraestructura lingüística, no como una pretensión de superar a los modelos comerciales de frontera." }, { "id": "oecd-ai-principles", "title": "OECD AI Principles", "description": "A concise baseline for trustworthy AI policy: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, security, safety, and accountability.", "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles", "source": "OECD.AI", "authorOrg": "OECD", "type": "Policy", "theme": "foundations", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "Updated", "readingTime": "7 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Global", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Una base concisa para una política de IA fiable: crecimiento inclusivo, valores centrados en las personas, transparencia, robustez, seguridad, protección y rendición de cuentas." }, { "id": "unesco-ethics-ai", "title": "Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence", "description": "The global rights-and-values reference for public AI governance, covering proportionality, safety, fairness, sustainability, privacy, and human oversight.", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics", "source": "UNESCO", "authorOrg": "UNESCO", "type": "Policy", "theme": "foundations", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2021", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Global", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "La referencia mundial sobre derechos y valores para la gobernanza pública de la IA, que abarca proporcionalidad, seguridad, equidad, sostenibilidad, privacidad y supervisión humana." }, { "id": "european-approach-ai", "title": "European Approach to Artificial Intelligence", "description": "A compact map of the EU's excellence-and-trust approach, linking the AI Act with investment, AI factories, data, and adoption policy.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Explainer", "theme": "foundations", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026", "readingTime": "10 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Un mapa compacto del enfoque de excelencia y confianza de la UE, que conecta el AI Act con la inversión, las fábricas de IA, los datos y la política de adopción." }, { "id": "ai-act-service-desk-faq", "title": "AI Act Service Desk FAQ", "description": "The Commission’s questions and answers on the AI Act. This explanatory guidance should be read alongside the applicable regulation and its amendments; it does not replace the legal text.", "url": "https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/faq", "source": "AI Act Service Desk", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Explainer", "theme": "foundations", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026", "readingTime": "15 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Preguntas y respuestas de la Comisión sobre el AI Act. Esta explicación debe leerse junto al Reglamento aplicable y sus modificaciones; no sustituye al texto jurídico." }, { "id": "coe-ai-framework-convention", "title": "Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence", "description": "The Council of Europe’s 2024 treaty framework on AI, human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The treaty text, signature, ratification and applicability in a particular country are distinct questions.", "url": "https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence", "source": "Council of Europe", "authorOrg": "Council of Europe", "type": "Law", "theme": "foundations", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2024", "readingTime": "12 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Marco del tratado del Consejo de Europa de 2024 sobre IA, derechos humanos, democracia y Estado de derecho. El texto del tratado, su firma, la ratificación y su aplicación en un país son cuestiones distintas." }, { "id": "elements-of-ai", "title": "Elements of AI", "description": "A non-technical course useful for policymakers, journalists, and civil servants who need a shared vocabulary before reading legal or technical sources.", "url": "https://www.elementsofai.com/", "source": "Elements of AI", "authorOrg": "University of Helsinki / MinnaLearn", "type": "Tool", "theme": "foundations", "language": "Multilingual", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "Ongoing", "readingTime": "Course", "badges": [ "English", "Spanish", "Global" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Un curso no técnico útil para responsables de políticas públicas, periodistas y empleados públicos que necesitan un vocabulario común antes de consultar fuentes jurídicas o técnicas." }, { "id": "ai-strategy-2024-press", "title": "The Government Approves the Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2024", "description": "Readable official summary of the 2024 strategy, including ALIA, supercomputing, public and private-sector adoption, SMEs, and AESIA's ethical-governance role.", "url": "https://digital.gob.es/en/comunicacion/notas-prensa/secretaria-digitalizacion-e-inteligencia-artificial/2024/05/2024-05-14", "source": "Portal MTDFP", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "strategy", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2024-05-14", "readingTime": "7 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Resumen oficial y accesible de la estrategia de 2024, que incluye ALIA, supercomputación, adopción en los sectores público y privado, pymes y el papel de AESIA en la gobernanza ética." }, { "id": "enia-2020", "title": "Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (ENIA)", "description": "Spain’s national AI strategy published in 2020. A historical reference for the policy programme; it is not a statement that every measure or funding window remains current.", "url": "https://transparencia.gob.es/masinformacion/informes-de-interes/ciencia_y_tecnologia/enia", "source": "Portal de la Transparencia", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Strategy", "theme": "strategy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2020", "readingTime": "30 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Estrategia nacional de IA publicada en 2020. Referencia histórica del programa de política pública; no acredita que todas sus medidas o convocatorias sigan vigentes." }, { "id": "espana-digital-2026", "title": "España Digital 2026", "description": "The broad digital transformation agenda that situates AI inside infrastructure, public-sector modernization, SME digitalization, skills, and digital rights.", "url": "https://espanadigital.gob.es/vision-global", "source": "Espana Digital", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Strategy", "theme": "strategy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2022", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "La agenda amplia de transformación digital que sitúa la IA en el contexto de las infraestructuras, la modernización del sector público, la digitalización de las pymes, las competencias y los derechos digitales." }, { "id": "gobtechlab", "title": "GobTechLab", "description": "The citizen-facing technology innovation lab for public administration, intended to test AI, data analytics, blockchain, and new service models.", "url": "https://espanadigital.gob.es/lineas-de-actuacion/gobtechlab-laboratorio-ciudadano-de-innovacion-tecnologica-en-la-administracion", "source": "España Digital 2026", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Program", "theme": "strategy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021-2026", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "El laboratorio de innovación tecnológica de la Administración orientado a la ciudadanía, concebido para probar IA, analítica de datos, blockchain y nuevos modelos de servicio." }, { "id": "kit-consulting", "title": "Kit Consulting", "description": "Red.es programme for SME digital-advisory services, including AI and data. Programme information does not establish that applications are currently open; eligibility and deadlines belong to the relevant call.", "url": "https://www.red.es/es/iniciativas/proyectos/kit-consulting", "source": "Red.es", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Program", "theme": "strategy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2024-2025", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Programa de Red.es de asesoramiento digital para pymes, incluidos IA y datos. La información del programa no acredita que la solicitud de ayudas esté abierta; los requisitos y plazos corresponden a cada convocatoria." }, { "id": "kit-digital", "title": "Kit Digital", "description": "Red.es digitalisation grant programme for small businesses and self-employed people. Retained as programme background, not as an announcement of an open funding window.", "url": "https://www.red.es/en/node/554", "source": "Red.es", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Program", "theme": "strategy", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021-2025", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Programa de ayudas a la digitalización de Red.es para pequeñas empresas y autónomos. Se conserva como contexto del programa, no como anuncio de una convocatoria abierta." }, { "id": "eu-ai-act-official", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689: Artificial Intelligence Act", "description": "The 2024 AI Act as published in the Official Journal. For current obligations, read it together with amendments, including Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, and the relevant transitional provisions; the original publication is not a consolidated legal assessment.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689", "source": "EUR-Lex", "authorOrg": "European Union", "type": "Law", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2024-07-12", "readingTime": "Long", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "AI Act de 2024 publicado en el Diario Oficial. Para las obligaciones actuales debe leerse junto a sus modificaciones, incluido el Reglamento (UE) 2026/1744, y las disposiciones transitorias. La publicación original no constituye un análisis jurídico consolidado." }, { "id": "digital-omnibus-ai-political-agreement-resource", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2026/1744: Digital Omnibus on AI", "description": "The enacted amendment to the AI Act, published on 24 July 2026. It changes the application calendar, including Annex III high-risk requirements on 2 December 2027 and product-related Annex I requirements on 2 August 2028. New prohibitions and Article 50 transitions have their own dates.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng", "source": "EUR-Lex", "authorOrg": "European Union", "type": "Law", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-07-24", "readingTime": "Long", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English", "AI Act", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Modificación aprobada del AI Act, publicada el 24 de julio de 2026. Cambia el calendario: requisitos de alto riesgo del anexo III desde el 2 de diciembre de 2027 y del anexo I vinculado a productos desde el 2 de agosto de 2028. Las nuevas prohibiciones y las transiciones del artículo 50 tienen fechas propias." }, { "id": "ai-act-transparency-guidelines-draft", "title": "Final Guidelines on AI Act Transparency Obligations", "description": "The Commission's final Article 50 guidance on AI-interaction notices, machine-readable marking, deepfake labels, public-interest synthetic publications, and biometric or emotion-recognition disclosures.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/guidelines-transparency-obligations-providers-and-deployers-ai-systems", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-07-20", "readingTime": "15 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English", "AI Act", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Las directrices finales de la Comisión sobre el artículo 50: avisos de interacción con IA, marcado legible por máquina, etiquetado de deepfakes, publicaciones sintéticas de interés público y avisos sobre reconocimiento biométrico o de emociones." }, { "id": "eu-icons-ai-generated-content", "title": "EU Icons for Labelling AI-Generated Content", "description": "The Commission's optional icon set for certain AI-generated or manipulated content. The icons can support Article 50 disclosure, but using them is not mandatory and does not establish compliance by itself.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-icons-labelling-ai-generated-content", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-07-20", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "AI Act", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "El conjunto opcional de iconos de la Comisión para determinados contenidos generados o manipulados mediante IA. Los iconos pueden respaldar la información exigida por el artículo 50, pero no son obligatorios ni acreditan por sí solos el cumplimiento." }, { "id": "ai-act-high-risk-guidelines-draft", "title": "Draft Guidelines on High-Risk AI Classification", "description": "Draft Commission guidance published on 19 May 2026 on Article 6 high-risk classification. Its consultation closed on 23 June 2026. The linked document is a draft, not a binding rule or evidence that a consultation remains open.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/draft-commission-guidelines-classification-high-risk-ai-systems", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-05-19", "readingTime": "30 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English", "High Risk", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Proyecto de directrices de la Comisión publicado el 19 de mayo de 2026 sobre la clasificación de alto riesgo del artículo 6. La consulta cerró el 23 de junio de 2026. El documento enlazado es un borrador, no una norma vinculante ni una consulta actualmente abierta." }, { "id": "spain-ai-governance-bill", "title": "Draft Organic Law for the Good Use and Governance of AI", "description": "Bill 121/000096, published on 12 June 2026 and still in the amendment stage when checked on 20 September. Congress lists the amendment deadline as 23 September 2026 at 18:00 Madrid time. This is a parliamentary proposal, not an enacted law; the deadline may be extended.", "url": "https://www.congreso.es/es/proyectos-de-ley?_iniciativas_id=121%2F000096&_iniciativas_legislatura=XV&_iniciativas_mode=mostrarDetalle&p_p_id=iniciativas&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&p_p_state=normal", "source": "Congress of Deputies", "authorOrg": "Spanish Parliament", "type": "Policy", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2026-06-12", "readingTime": "Long", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish", "AI Act", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Proyecto 121/000096, publicado el 12 de junio de 2026 y en fase de enmiendas en la consulta del 20 de septiembre. El Congreso fija el plazo en el 23 de septiembre de 2026 a las 18:00, hora de Madrid. Es una propuesta parlamentaria, no una ley aprobada; el plazo puede ampliarse." }, { "id": "aesia-eu-guidance-consultations", "title": "AESIA on EU Transparency and High-Risk Guidance Consultations", "description": "AESIA’s dated note of 29 May 2026 on the Commission’s transparency and high-risk consultations. Kept as a record of participation in the guidance process, not as a current consultation notice.", "url": "https://aesia.digital.gob.es/es/actualidad/20260529-la-comision-abre-consultas-publicas-sobre-transparencia-y-sistemas-de-alto-riesgo", "source": "AESIA", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2026-05-29", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "Spanish", "AI Act", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Nota de AESIA del 29 de mayo de 2026 sobre las consultas de transparencia y alto riesgo de la Comisión. Se conserva como registro de participación en las directrices, no como aviso de una consulta actualmente abierta." }, { "id": "aesia-site", "title": "Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence", "description": "AESIA’s institutional website: public information on its organisation, activities, guidance and responsibilities. Specific supervisory powers should be checked against the applicable legal text.", "url": "https://aesia.digital.gob.es/es", "source": "AESIA", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Portal", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Web institucional de AESIA: información pública sobre organización, actividades, guías y funciones. Las competencias supervisoras concretas deben contrastarse con el texto jurídico aplicable." }, { "id": "aesia-statute", "title": "Royal Decree 729/2023: AESIA Statute", "description": "The legal basis for Spain's AI supervisory agency, including its supervision, advice, awareness, training, testing, coordination, and inspection functions.", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2023-18911", "source": "BOE", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Law", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2023-09-02", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "La base jurídica de la agencia española de supervisión de la IA, incluidas sus funciones de supervisión, asesoramiento, concienciación, formación, pruebas, coordinación e inspección." }, { "id": "ai-sandbox", "title": "Royal Decree 817/2023: Controlled AI Testing Environment", "description": "Spain's pre-AI-Act sandbox, created to rehearse compliance for high-risk AI, general-purpose systems, and foundation-model-like systems before full EU enforcement.", "url": "https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-22767", "source": "BOE", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Law", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2023-11-09", "readingTime": "35 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish", "Sandbox" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "El sandbox español anterior al AI Act, creado para ensayar el cumplimiento de sistemas de IA de alto riesgo, sistemas de propósito general y sistemas similares a modelos fundacionales antes de la plena aplicación de la normativa de la UE." }, { "id": "aepd-guides", "title": "AEPD Guides and Tools", "description": "The AEPD’s library of guidance and tools on data protection. Each guide has its own publication date, scope and status; guidance is not a substitute for the applicable law.", "url": "https://www.aepd.es/en/guides-and-tools/guides", "source": "AEPD", "authorOrg": "Spanish Data Protection Agency", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "Library", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English", "Privacy" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Biblioteca de guías y herramientas de la AEPD sobre protección de datos. Cada documento tiene su fecha, alcance y naturaleza; una guía no sustituye a la normativa aplicable." }, { "id": "labor-algorithm-transparency", "title": "Law 12/2021: Algorithmic Transparency in Labor Relations", "description": "Spain's rider-law amendment to the Workers' Statute, requiring worker representatives to be informed about algorithmic or AI systems affecting work conditions, access, retention, or profiling.", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2021-15767", "source": "BOE", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Law", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021-09-29", "readingTime": "10 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish", "Labor" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "La modificación del Estatuto de los Trabajadores introducida por la ley rider, que exige informar a la representación de los trabajadores sobre los sistemas algorítmicos o de IA que afecten a las condiciones de trabajo, el acceso al empleo, la conservación del puesto o la elaboración de perfiles." }, { "id": "digital-rights-charter", "title": "Carta de Derechos Digitales", "description": "Spain’s 2021 Digital Rights Charter, a policy reference for rights in digital environments. It is not presented here as a statute creating standalone enforceable obligations.", "url": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Documents/2021/140721-Carta_Derechos_Digitales_RedEs.pdf", "source": "La Moncloa", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "regulation", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021", "readingTime": "20 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Carta de Derechos Digitales de España de 2021, referencia de política pública sobre derechos en el entorno digital. No se presenta como una ley que cree por sí sola obligaciones exigibles." }, { "id": "aepd-agentic-ai", "title": "Agentic Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Data Protection", "description": "A 2026 AEPD guide on AI agents, autonomy, environmental interaction, and measures controllers and processors can use to manage data-protection risks.", "url": "https://www.aepd.es/en/guides/agentic-artificial-intelligence.pdf", "source": "AEPD", "authorOrg": "Spanish Data Protection Agency", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2026-02-18", "readingTime": "35 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English", "Privacy", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Guía de la AEPD de 2026 sobre agentes de IA, autonomía, interacción con el entorno y medidas que responsables y encargados del tratamiento pueden aplicar para gestionar los riesgos de protección de datos." }, { "id": "bsc-ai-factory", "title": "BSC AI Factory", "description": "The BSC AI Factory programme website, with information on computing access, services, training and support. Access terms are set by the relevant programme or call, not by this library entry.", "url": "https://bsc-aifactory.eu/", "source": "BSC AI Factory", "authorOrg": "Barcelona Supercomputing Center", "type": "Program", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "English", "Compute" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Web del programa BSC AI Factory: acceso a cómputo, servicios, formación y apoyo. Las condiciones de acceso corresponden al programa o convocatoria aplicable, no a esta ficha." }, { "id": "marenostrum-upgrade", "title": "MareNostrum 5 AI Upgrade", "description": "The 2026 contract for the AI Factory upgrade, adding training and inference partitions, high-performance AI storage, and specialized software for industry, science, SMEs, startups, and public administration.", "url": "https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/secretaria-digitalizacion-e-inteligencia-artificial/2026/01/adjudicada-la-ampliacion-del-superordenador-marenostrum-5-para-p", "source": "Portal MTDFP", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "compute", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2026-01-26", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "Spanish", "Compute", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Contrato de 2026 para ampliar la AI Factory con particiones de entrenamiento e inferencia, almacenamiento de IA de alto rendimiento y software especializado para la industria, la ciencia, las pymes, las startups y la Administración pública." }, { "id": "eurohpc-ai-factories", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "description": "EuroHPC's official announcement naming Barcelona's BSC AI Factory as one of the first European AI Factories and linking Spain's capacity to the wider EU compute strategy.", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "source": "EuroHPC JU", "authorOrg": "European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking", "type": "Policy", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2024-12-10", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English", "Compute" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Anuncio oficial de EuroHPC que designa la BSC AI Factory de Barcelona como una de las primeras AI Factories europeas y vincula la capacidad de España con la estrategia de cómputo de la UE." }, { "id": "cesga-1healthai-ai-factory", "title": "1HealthAI at CESGA: Spain's Second AI Factory", "description": "Official Spain Digital note on the Galicia-based AI Factory, which broadens Spain's compute story beyond Barcelona by linking CESGA, health, life sciences, public-interest AI, and EuroHPC capacity.", "url": "https://espanadigital.gob.es/en/actualidad/la-comision-europea-selecciona-espana-para-albergar-su-segunda-ai-factory", "source": "Espana Digital", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2025-10-10", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "English", "Compute" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Nota oficial de España Digital sobre la AI Factory de Galicia, que amplía la capacidad de cómputo de España más allá de Barcelona al conectar CESGA, salud, ciencias de la vida, IA de interés público y capacidad EuroHPC." }, { "id": "hpc-access-bsc", "title": "HPC Access: MareNostrum 5 for AI", "description": "Practical access page for the BSC AI Factory's AI-ready compute resources, including the AI-optimized partition and support model.", "url": "https://bsc-aifactory.eu/hpc-access/", "source": "BSC AI Factory", "authorOrg": "Barcelona Supercomputing Center", "type": "Portal", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "English", "Compute" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Página práctica para acceder a los recursos de cómputo preparados para IA de la BSC AI Factory, incluida la partición optimizada para IA y su modelo de apoyo." }, { "id": "data-spaces", "title": "Data Spaces in Spain", "description": "Entry point to Spain's data-spaces agenda, including CRED and the plan to make sectoral data spaces part of AI-ready data infrastructure.", "url": "https://datos.gob.es/en/data-spaces", "source": "datos.gob.es", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Portal", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "7 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "English", "Data" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Punto de entrada a la agenda española de espacios de datos, incluidos CRED y el plan para integrar espacios sectoriales en una infraestructura de datos preparada para la IA." }, { "id": "alia-first-models", "title": "First ALIA Language Models Available", "description": "A short explainer on the first ALIA models in Spanish and co-official languages, with useful context on the model family, methodology, datasets, and the infrastructure value behind public AI rather than consumer-model rankings.", "url": "https://datos.gob.es/en/noticia/first-ai-language-models-available-four-official-languages-part-alia-project", "source": "datos.gob.es", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Explainer", "theme": "compute", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025-01-27", "readingTime": "7 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English", "Data" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Breve explicación de los primeros modelos ALIA en español y lenguas cooficiales, con contexto sobre la familia de modelos, la metodología, los conjuntos de datos y el valor de infraestructura de la IA pública, más allá de los rankings de modelos de consumo." }, { "id": "ontsi-ai-indicators-2024", "title": "Indicators on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Spain 2024", "description": "Historical ONTSI report on AI adoption in 2024. Its figures describe the report’s reference period and population, not adoption in September 2026. Use the separately linked INE release for the dated 2025 comparison.", "url": "https://www.ontsi.es/es/publicaciones/Indicadores-de-uso-de-inteligencia-artificial-en-Espana-2024", "source": "ONTSI", "authorOrg": "Red.es", "type": "Report", "theme": "economy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish", "Data" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Informe histórico de ONTSI sobre adopción de IA en 2024. Sus cifras corresponden al periodo y población del informe, no a septiembre de 2026. La ficha del INE ofrece una comparación fechada de 2025." }, { "id": "ine-ict-companies", "title": "INE: ICT Use in Businesses — First Quarter 2025", "description": "INE’s definitive release for 2024 and the first quarter of 2025, published on 22 October 2025. It reports AI use by 21.1% of businesses with at least 10 employees in the surveyed sectors in Q1 2025. This is not a September 2026 estimate or a measure of all Spanish businesses.", "url": "https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ETICCE20241T2025.htm", "source": "INE", "authorOrg": "National Statistics Institute", "type": "Report", "theme": "economy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025-10-22", "readingTime": "Dataset", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish", "Data" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Resultados definitivos del INE para 2024 y el primer trimestre de 2025, publicados el 22 de octubre de 2025. El 21,1 % de las empresas de 10 o más empleados de los sectores encuestados utilizaba IA en el primer trimestre de 2025. No es una estimación de septiembre de 2026 ni de todas las empresas españolas." }, { "id": "next-tech-fund", "title": "Fondo Next Tech", "description": "Spain's public-private venture-capital instrument for scaleups and funds in AI, cloud, IoT, cybersecurity, NLP, biometrics, and other high-impact digital technologies.", "url": "https://portal.mineco.gob.es/en-us/comunicacion/Pages/210719-fondo-next-tech.aspx", "source": "Ministry of Economic Affairs", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Program", "theme": "economy", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Instrumento público-privado español de capital riesgo para scaleups y fondos de IA, nube, IoT, ciberseguridad, NLP, biometría y otras tecnologías digitales de alto impacto." }, { "id": "digital-skills-plan", "title": "National Digital Skills Plan", "description": "The training layer under Spain Digital: citizens, workers, public employees, vocational education, specialists, and gender gap reduction.", "url": "https://portal.mineco.gob.es/RecursosArticulo/mineco/ministerio/ficheros/210127_plan_nacional_de_competencias_digitales.pdf", "source": "Portal MINECO", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "economy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021", "readingTime": "30 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "El componente formativo de España Digital: ciudadanía, trabajadores, empleados públicos, formación profesional, especialistas y reducción de la brecha de género." }, { "id": "spain-talent-hub", "title": "SpAIn Talent Hub", "description": "A Spain Digital measure to attract and retain AI talent, connecting researchers, companies, investment opportunities, scholarships, and job offers.", "url": "https://espanadigital.gob.es/en/lines-action/spain-talent-hub", "source": "España Digital 2026", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Program", "theme": "economy", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2021-2026", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Medida de España Digital para atraer y retener talento en IA, conectando investigadores, empresas, oportunidades de inversión, becas y ofertas de empleo." }, { "id": "kit-consulting-impact", "title": "Kit Consulting One-Year Update", "description": "A useful pulse check on SME advisory uptake, noting thousands of grants and the role of AI, data analytics, cybersecurity, and business-performance advice.", "url": "https://www.red.es/es/actualidad/noticias/aniversario-kitconsulting", "source": "Red.es", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Report", "theme": "economy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025-06-18", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Indicador útil sobre la adopción de asesoramiento por las pymes, con miles de ayudas concedidas y el papel de la IA, el análisis de datos, la ciberseguridad y la mejora del rendimiento empresarial." }, { "id": "digital-skills-2025-update", "title": "More Than Two Million People Trained in Digital Skills", "description": "A 2025 progress update on Spain's digital-skills plan, including public employees, teachers, citizens, professional associations, and AI-applied work training.", "url": "https://espanadigital.gob.es/ca/actualidad/mas-de-dos-millones-de-personas-se-forman-en-competencias-digitales-gracias-al-plan", "source": "España Digital 2026", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Report", "theme": "economy", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025-10-23", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Actualización de 2025 sobre el avance del plan español de competencias digitales, que incluye empleados públicos, docentes, ciudadanía, asociaciones profesionales y formación laboral aplicada a la IA." }, { "id": "aesia-lab", "title": "AESIA Ideas Lab", "description": "AESIA's 2026 public-interest agenda, starting with working lines on women and AI, disinformation and AI, minors and AI, and labor-market impacts.", "url": "https://aesia.digital.gob.es/es/el-laboratorio", "source": "AESIA", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Program", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2026", "readingTime": "7 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Agenda de interés público de AESIA para 2026, con líneas iniciales sobre mujeres e IA, desinformación e IA, menores e IA e impactos en el mercado laboral." }, { "id": "spain-eu-sexual-deepfake-ban", "title": "EU Agrees Spain-Backed Ban on Sexual Deepfake Systems", "description": "La Moncloa’s historical account of the 7 May 2026 trilogue agreement. The later enacted amendment is Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. This earlier press release does not establish the current application date or the final scope of the prohibition.", "url": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/transformacion-digital-y-funcion-publica/paginas/2026/070526-lopez-prohibicion-deepfakes-ue.aspx", "source": "La Moncloa", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain/EU", "date": "2026-05-07", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "EU", "Spanish", "Safety", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Nota histórica de La Moncloa sobre el acuerdo del trílogo del 7 de mayo de 2026. La modificación aprobada posteriormente es el Reglamento (UE) 2026/1744. Esta nota anterior no determina la fecha de aplicación ni el alcance final de la prohibición." }, { "id": "incibe-aesia-ai-awareness-campaign", "title": "INCIBE and AESIA AI Awareness Campaign", "description": "A 2026 public-facing campaign for young people, families, and educators on AI use, digital safety, generated-content recognition, parental controls, and responsible classroom adoption.", "url": "https://aesia.digital.gob.es/es/actualidad/el-incibe-y-la-aesia-lanzan-una-campana-de-concienciacion-sobre-el-uso-de-la-ia", "source": "AESIA", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain / INCIBE", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2026-04-28", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish", "Safety", "Minors", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Campaña pública de 2026 para jóvenes, familias y educadores sobre uso de la IA, seguridad digital, reconocimiento de contenido generado, controles parentales y adopción responsable en el aula." }, { "id": "incibe-ai-cybersecurity", "title": "Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity", "description": "INCIBE's citizen-facing guide to AI risks, including malicious use, phishing, malware generation, deepfakes, false profiles, and practical detection cues.", "url": "https://www.incibe.es/ciudadania/tematicas/inteligencia-artificial", "source": "INCIBE", "authorOrg": "National Cybersecurity Institute", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "18 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Guía de INCIBE para la ciudadanía sobre riesgos de la IA, incluidos uso malicioso, phishing, generación de malware, deepfakes, perfiles falsos e indicios prácticos para detectarlos." }, { "id": "incibe-deepfakes", "title": "Deepfakes", "description": "A practical deepfake primer from INCIBE, useful for media literacy, minors, fraud prevention, and democratic-resilience conversations.", "url": "https://www.incibe.es/aprendeciberseguridad/deepfakes", "source": "INCIBE", "authorOrg": "National Cybersecurity Institute", "type": "Explainer", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Introducción práctica de INCIBE a los deepfakes, útil para la alfabetización mediática, la protección de menores, la prevención del fraude y la resiliencia democrática." }, { "id": "incibe-ai-security-guides-project", "title": "AI Cybersecurity Guide Project", "description": "A RETECH/INCIBE project to define control frameworks and risk-management methodology for AI systems against regulatory and cybersecurity expectations.", "url": "https://www.incibe.es/retech/proyecto-43-elaboracion-de-guias-de-ciberseguridad-ia", "source": "INCIBE", "authorOrg": "National Cybersecurity Institute", "type": "Program", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Proyecto RETECH/INCIBE para definir marcos de control y una metodología de gestión de riesgos de los sistemas de IA frente a requisitos regulatorios y de ciberseguridad." }, { "id": "national-cybersecurity-strategy", "title": "National Cybersecurity Strategy", "description": "The broader security frame for AI-enabled threats, digital resilience, incident response, critical infrastructure, and Spain's national-security coordination.", "url": "https://www.dsn.gob.es/index.php/es/es/estrategia-ciberseguridad-nacional", "source": "Department of National Security", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Strategy", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "Current", "readingTime": "20 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "Spanish" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Marco general de seguridad para amenazas facilitadas por IA, resiliencia digital, respuesta a incidentes, infraestructuras críticas y coordinación de la seguridad nacional de España." }, { "id": "aepd-ai-privacy-decalogue", "title": "Cuidado con lo que le confIAs", "description": "AEPD's 2026 privacy recommendations for citizens using AI tools, including avoiding sensitive disclosures and understanding image and personal-data risks.", "url": "https://www.aepd.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/aepd-publica-decalogo-recomendaciones-proteger-privacidad-al-usar-ia", "source": "AEPD", "authorOrg": "Spanish Data Protection Agency", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "safety", "language": "Spanish", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2026-01-27", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "Spanish", "Privacy", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Recomendaciones de privacidad de la AEPD de 2026 para la ciudadanía que utiliza herramientas de IA, entre ellas evitar revelar información sensible y comprender los riesgos para las imágenes y los datos personales." }, { "id": "un-ai-governance-lab-valencia", "title": "UN AI Governance for Humanity Lab in Valencia", "description": "Spain's 2026 link to global AI governance: a UN lab based in Valencia to support AI governance work under the UN Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies.", "url": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2026/20260415-un-ai-governance-lab.aspx", "source": "La Moncloa", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "safety", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-04-15", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Vínculo de España con la gobernanza global de la IA en 2026: un laboratorio de la ONU en Valencia para apoyar el trabajo de gobernanza de la IA de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas para las Tecnologías Digitales y Emergentes." }, { "id": "international-ai-safety-report-2026-resource", "title": "International AI Safety Report 2026", "description": "The 2026 international scientific synthesis on general-purpose AI capabilities, misuse, loss of control and risk management. Read its evidence, uncertainties and disagreements separately from policy choices; it is not a certification of a particular model.", "url": "https://internationalaisafetyreport.org/publication/international-ai-safety-report-2026", "source": "International AI Safety Report", "authorOrg": "International AI Safety Report Secretariat", "type": "Report", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-02-03", "readingTime": "90 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Safety", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Síntesis científica internacional de 2026 sobre capacidades de IA de propósito general, uso indebido, pérdida de control y gestión de riesgos. Sus evidencias, incertidumbres y desacuerdos deben distinguirse de las decisiones de política pública; no certifica un modelo concreto." }, { "id": "eu-gpai-systemic-risk-obligations", "title": "General-purpose AI Obligations Under the AI Act", "description": "The Commission’s overview of GPAI obligations, including documentation, copyright and training-content transparency, with additional evaluation, risk-management, incident-reporting and cybersecurity duties for systemic-risk models. Exceptions and transition periods must be checked in the regulation.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/factpages/general-purpose-ai-obligations-under-ai-act", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2025-08-01", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English", "Systemic Risk" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Resumen de la Comisión de las obligaciones de GPAI: documentación, derechos de autor y transparencia del contenido de entrenamiento, con evaluación, gestión de riesgos, incidentes y ciberseguridad adicionales para modelos de riesgo sistémico. Las excepciones y transiciones deben comprobarse en el Reglamento." }, { "id": "gpai-code-safety-security", "title": "General-Purpose AI Code of Practice", "description": "The voluntary GPAI Code of Practice supports compliance with the AI Act through chapters on transparency, copyright, and safety and security. Signing the code is not an independent safety certification or a replacement for legal obligations.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "regulation", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2025-07-10", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "EU", "English", "Systemic Risk", "GPAI" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Código voluntario de Buenas Prácticas para GPAI que apoya el cumplimiento del AI Act mediante capítulos de transparencia, derechos de autor y seguridad y protección. Firmarlo no equivale a una certificación independiente de seguridad ni sustituye las obligaciones legales." }, { "id": "international-aisi-network", "title": "International Network of AI Safety Institutes — Founding Announcement (2024)", "description": "NIST’s November 2024 announcement of the International Network of AI Safety Institutes. This is a historical founding document, not a current membership register; it cannot establish whether a country belongs to the network in September 2026.", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/11/fact-sheet-us-department-commerce-us-department-state-launch-international", "source": "NIST", "authorOrg": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2024", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Evaluation" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Anuncio de NIST de noviembre de 2024 sobre la creación de la red internacional de institutos de seguridad de IA. Es un documento fundacional histórico, no un registro actual de miembros; no permite determinar la pertenencia de un país en septiembre de 2026." }, { "id": "bletchley-declaration-resource", "title": "The Bletchley Declaration", "description": "The 2023 international declaration, with Spain listed among represented countries, that frames frontier AI risks as international and calls for shared science, evaluation, transparency, and public-sector capability.", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023", "source": "GOV.UK", "authorOrg": "UK Government / AI Safety Summit countries", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2023-11-01", "readingTime": "12 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Frontier AI" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "La declaración internacional de 2023, que incluye a España entre los países representados, enmarca los riesgos de la IA de frontera como un problema internacional y reclama ciencia compartida, evaluación, transparencia y capacidad pública." }, { "id": "nist-ai-rmf-genai-profile", "title": "NIST AI Risk Management Framework and Generative AI Profile", "description": "A practical risk-management bridge for public and private organizations: govern, map, measure, and manage AI risks, with a 2024 generative-AI profile and 2026 critical-infrastructure work in progress.", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework", "source": "NIST", "authorOrg": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "type": "Guidance", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2023-01-26", "readingTime": "35 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Risk Management" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Un marco práctico de gestión de riesgos para organizaciones públicas y privadas: gobernar, identificar, medir y gestionar los riesgos de la IA, con un perfil de IA generativa de 2024 y trabajos sobre infraestructuras críticas en curso en 2026." }, { "id": "ai-impacts-2023-survey", "title": "2023 Expert Survey on Progress in AI", "description": "Survey of AI researchers conducted in 2023, reporting respondents’ beliefs about progress and risks. Responses depend on the question wording and sample; they are elicited opinions, not observed frequencies or calibrated probabilities of future catastrophe.", "url": "https://wiki.aiimpacts.org/ai_timelines/predictions_of_human-level_ai_timelines/ai_timeline_surveys/2023_expert_survey_on_progress_in_ai", "source": "AI Impacts", "authorOrg": "AI Impacts / academic collaborators", "type": "Academic", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2024-01-29", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Survey", "Contested" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Encuesta a investigadores de IA realizada en 2023 sobre sus expectativas de progreso y riesgo. Las respuestas dependen de la formulación y de la muestra: son opiniones recogidas, no frecuencias observadas ni probabilidades calibradas de una catástrofe futura." }, { "id": "metr-task-horizons-resource", "title": "Measuring AI Ability to Complete Long Tasks", "description": "METR’s March 2025 paper on task-completion horizons, reporting an approximately seven-month doubling trend over its historical sample. The result concerns the evaluated tasks and reliability threshold; it is not a forecast or proof of general job automation.", "url": "https://metr.org/blog/2025-03-19-measuring-ai-ability-to-complete-long-tasks/", "source": "METR", "authorOrg": "Model Evaluation and Threat Research", "type": "Report", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2025-03-19", "readingTime": "30 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Autonomy", "Evaluation" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Artículo de METR de marzo de 2025 sobre horizontes de tareas, con una tendencia histórica de duplicación aproximada cada siete meses en su muestra. El resultado corresponde a las tareas y fiabilidad evaluadas; no es una predicción ni demuestra la automatización general de empleos." }, { "id": "metr-time-horizons-live", "title": "Task-Completion Time Horizons of Frontier AI Models", "description": "METR’s live task-horizon dashboard, showing 50% and 80% success thresholds. A horizon refers to task difficulty measured by human completion time, not how long an agent reliably works alone. The page’s displayed update is 8 May 2026; the current suite has limitations for tasks above 16 hours.", "url": "https://metr.org/time-horizons/", "source": "METR", "authorOrg": "Model Evaluation and Threat Research", "type": "Tool", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-05-08", "readingTime": "Tool", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Autonomy", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Panel de METR de horizontes de tareas, con umbrales de éxito del 50 % y 80 %. El horizonte mide dificultad mediante el tiempo humano de resolución, no cuánto tiempo trabaja un agente de forma autónoma y fiable. La página muestra una actualización del 8 de mayo de 2026 y limita la interpretación de tareas superiores a 16 horas." }, { "id": "epoch-benchmark-database", "title": "Epoch AI Benchmark Database", "description": "A policy-useful map of frontier capability benchmarks across reasoning, coding, agents, multimodality, and other domains, useful for avoiding single-score model hype.", "url": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks", "source": "Epoch AI", "authorOrg": "Epoch AI", "type": "Tool", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-05-08", "readingTime": "Tool", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Evaluation", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Mapa útil para política pública de benchmarks de capacidades de frontera en razonamiento, programación, agentes, multimodalidad y otros dominios; ayuda a evitar la exageración basada en una única puntuación." }, { "id": "epoch-frontiermath", "title": "FrontierMath", "description": "Epoch AI's expert-level mathematics benchmark, designed to test advanced reasoning beyond saturated standard exams and to support more serious capability measurement.", "url": "https://epoch.ai/frontiermath/the-benchmark", "source": "Epoch AI", "authorOrg": "Epoch AI", "type": "Academic", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2024-11-08", "readingTime": "25 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Expert Reasoning" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Benchmark de matemáticas de nivel experto de Epoch AI, diseñado para evaluar razonamiento avanzado más allá de las pruebas estándar ya saturadas y respaldar una medición más rigurosa de capacidades." }, { "id": "humanitys-last-exam-nature", "title": "A Benchmark of Expert-Level Academic Questions to Assess AI Capabilities", "description": "The Nature paper for Humanity's Last Exam, a 2,500-question expert benchmark across subjects; useful because it shows both harder evaluation design and continuing uncertainty.", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09962-4", "source": "Nature", "authorOrg": "Center for AI Safety / Scale AI / HLE Contributors Consortium", "type": "Academic", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-01-28", "readingTime": "35 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Expert Reasoning", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Artículo de Nature sobre Humanity's Last Exam, un benchmark experto de 2.500 preguntas en distintas disciplinas; es útil porque muestra tanto un diseño de evaluación más exigente como la persistencia de la incertidumbre." }, { "id": "terminal-bench-2", "title": "Terminal-Bench 2.0 — Historical Release", "description": "The Terminal-Bench contributors’ historical 2.0 release, published on 7 November 2025, for agentic work in terminal environments. The primary project lists subsequent versions, so 2.0 must not be treated as the latest release or compared across versions without qualification.", "url": "https://www.tbench.ai/benchmarks", "source": "Terminal-Bench", "authorOrg": "Terminal-Bench contributors", "type": "Tool", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2025-11-07", "readingTime": "Tool", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Coding", "Evaluation" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Versión histórica 2.0 de los autores de Terminal-Bench, publicada el 7 de noviembre de 2025, para tareas agénticas en terminal. El proyecto primario recoge versiones posteriores: 2.0 no es la última versión ni permite comparaciones entre versiones sin matices." }, { "id": "osworld-computer-use-resource", "title": "OSWorld", "description": "A benchmark for multimodal agents doing open-ended tasks in real computer environments; relevant to public-sector AI because autonomy increasingly means operating software, not just generating text.", "url": "https://os-world.github.io/", "source": "OSWorld", "authorOrg": "OSWorld research team", "type": "Tool", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "Tool", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Computer Use", "Evaluation" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Benchmark para agentes multimodales que realizan tareas abiertas en entornos informáticos reales; relevante para la IA en el sector público porque la autonomía implica cada vez más operar software, no solo generar texto." }, { "id": "metr-autonomy-evaluations", "title": "Autonomy Evaluation Resources", "description": "A concrete evaluation toolkit for dangerous autonomous capabilities, including task-suite guidance and an example protocol for measuring agentic frontier-model risk.", "url": "https://evaluations.metr.org/", "source": "METR", "authorOrg": "Model Evaluation and Threat Research", "type": "Tool", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "Tool", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Autonomy", "Evaluation" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Herramientas concretas para evaluar capacidades autónomas peligrosas, incluidas orientaciones para baterías de tareas y un protocolo de ejemplo para medir el riesgo agéntico de modelos de frontera." }, { "id": "openai-preparedness-framework", "title": "OpenAI’s Approach to Frontier Risk — 2023 Announcement", "description": "OpenAI’s October 2023 announcement of its approach to frontier risk. Retained as historical primary-source material, not as the latest version of its framework or an independent assessment of the company’s models.", "url": "https://openai.com/global-affairs/our-approach-to-frontier-risk/", "source": "OpenAI", "authorOrg": "OpenAI", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2023-10-26", "readingTime": "18 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Frontier Lab", "Safety" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Anuncio de OpenAI de octubre de 2023 sobre su enfoque de riesgos de frontera. Se conserva como fuente primaria histórica, no como la última versión de su marco ni como evaluación independiente de sus modelos." }, { "id": "openai-frontier-governance-framework", "title": "OpenAI Frontier Governance Framework", "description": "OpenAI’s Frontier Governance Framework, announced on 28 May 2026. It describes the company’s approach to severe risks, safety and security practices, reporting and emerging legal requirements. A company framework is not an independent audit or a finding of compliance.", "url": "https://openai.com/index/openai-frontier-governance-framework/", "source": "OpenAI", "authorOrg": "OpenAI", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-05-28", "readingTime": "12 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Frontier Lab", "Safety", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Frontier Governance Framework de OpenAI, anunciado el 28 de mayo de 2026. Describe el enfoque de la empresa sobre riesgos graves, seguridad, protección, notificación y requisitos legales emergentes. Un marco empresarial no es una auditoría independiente ni una conclusión de cumplimiento." }, { "id": "anthropic-responsible-scaling-policy", "title": "Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy v3.0 and Frontier Safety Roadmap", "description": "Anthropic’s February 2026 announcement of RSP v3.0 and its Frontier Safety Roadmap approach. This is a dated statement of the company’s policies and goals, not independent evidence of model safety or a guarantee that the policy remains unchanged.", "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/responsible-scaling-policy-v3", "source": "Anthropic", "authorOrg": "Anthropic", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-02-24", "readingTime": "20 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Frontier Lab", "Safety", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Anuncio de Anthropic de febrero de 2026 sobre RSP v3.0 y su enfoque de Frontier Safety Roadmaps. Es una declaración fechada de políticas y objetivos de la empresa, no evidencia independiente de seguridad ni garantía de que la política permanezca sin cambios." }, { "id": "deepmind-frontier-safety-framework", "title": "Google DeepMind Frontier Safety Framework", "description": "Google DeepMind’s dated announcement on its Frontier Safety Framework. It describes capability thresholds and risk-management practices proposed by the laboratory; it should not be read as an independent evaluation or a certification of compliance.", "url": "https://deepmind.google/blog/strengthening-our-frontier-safety-framework/", "source": "Google DeepMind", "authorOrg": "Google DeepMind", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2026-04-17", "readingTime": "18 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Frontier Lab", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Anuncio fechado de Google DeepMind sobre su Frontier Safety Framework. Describe umbrales de capacidad y prácticas de gestión de riesgos del laboratorio; no constituye una evaluación independiente ni una certificación de cumplimiento." }, { "id": "cais-ai-risk-statement-resource", "title": "Statement on AI Risk", "description": "The 2023 Statement on AI Risk, recording its signatories’ concern about extreme AI risks. This is an advocacy statement, not a scientific estimate of probability, a legal rule or evidence that a particular model poses that level of risk.", "url": "https://safe.ai/work/press-release-ai-risk", "source": "Center for AI Safety", "authorOrg": "Center for AI Safety", "type": "Policy", "theme": "existential-risk", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Global", "date": "2023-05-30", "readingTime": "7 min", "badges": [ "Primary Source", "Global", "English", "Statement", "Contested" ], "isOfficial": false, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Statement on AI Risk de 2023, que recoge la preocupación de sus firmantes por riesgos extremos de la IA. Es una declaración pública, no una estimación científica de probabilidad, una norma jurídica ni evidencia de ese nivel de riesgo en un modelo concreto." }, { "id": "hispania-2040", "title": "HispanIA 2040", "description": "Spain's long-range AI foresight study: private-sector modernization, welfare state, sustainability, security and defence, and inequality through a 2040 horizon.", "url": "https://futuros.gob.es/en/our-work/hispania-2040", "source": "National Foresight and Strategy Office", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Report", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "45 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Primary Source", "Spain", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Estudio prospectivo de largo plazo de España sobre IA: modernización del sector privado, Estado del bienestar, sostenibilidad, seguridad y defensa, y desigualdad con horizonte 2040." }, { "id": "hispania-aesia-summary", "title": "AESIA Summary of HispanIA 2040", "description": "AESIA's framing of the foresight report, including the priority line to build AI verification and auditing tools through the supervisor.", "url": "https://aesia.digital.gob.es/en/presenthispania2040", "source": "AESIA", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Lectura de AESIA del informe prospectivo, incluida la prioridad de desarrollar herramientas de verificación y auditoría de IA desde el organismo supervisor." }, { "id": "apply-ai-strategy", "title": "Apply AI Strategy", "description": "The Commission’s sectoral strategy for AI adoption, including SMEs and the public sector, open-source solutions and European AI supply. Its strategic aims should be distinguished from enforceable procurement rules and evidence of implementation.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/apply-ai", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Strategy", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2025", "readingTime": "12 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "20 Sep 2026", "summaryEs": "Estrategia sectorial de la Comisión para la adopción de IA, incluidas pymes, sector público, soluciones abiertas y oferta europea. Sus objetivos estratégicos deben distinguirse de las reglas de contratación exigibles y de la evidencia de ejecución." }, { "id": "ai-gigafactories-council", "title": "Council Paves the Way for AI Gigafactories", "description": "The 2026 EuroHPC amendment enabling AI gigafactories, a next-step compute-policy issue for Spain as Europe scales from factories to world-class model infrastructure.", "url": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2026/01/16/artificial-intelligence-council-paves-the-way-for-the-creation-of-ai-gigafactories/", "source": "Council of the EU", "authorOrg": "Council of the European Union", "type": "Policy", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-01-16", "readingTime": "6 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "Compute", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "La reforma de EuroHPC de 2026 que habilita gigafactorías de IA, una cuestión de política de capacidad de cómputo para España mientras Europa pasa de fábricas a infraestructuras de modelos de primer nivel mundial." }, { "id": "eurohpc-ai-gigafactories", "title": "AI Gigafactories", "description": "EuroHPC's explainer on large-scale AI facilities for next-generation model development, inference, storage, secure cloud environments, and specialized support services.", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-gigafactories_en", "source": "EuroHPC JU", "authorOrg": "European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking", "type": "Explainer", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "Compute", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Explicación de EuroHPC sobre grandes instalaciones de IA para desarrollar modelos de próxima generación, inferencia, almacenamiento, entornos de nube seguros y servicios especializados de apoyo." }, { "id": "frontier-ai-grand-challenge-resource", "title": "Frontier AI Grand Challenge", "description": "The Commission and EuroHPC competition to support a European frontier model with EuroHPC compute capacity, open outputs, and strategic autonomy goals.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/funding/turning-strategy-action-commission-launches-frontier-ai-grand-challenge", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Program", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-02-13", "readingTime": "8 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "Compute", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Concurso de la Comisión y EuroHPC para impulsar un modelo europeo de frontera con capacidad de cómputo de EuroHPC, resultados abiertos y objetivos de autonomía estratégica." }, { "id": "ai-continent-action-plan", "title": "AI Continent Action Plan Delivers Major Milestones", "description": "The Commission’s April 2026 progress account for the AI Continent Action Plan, covering compute, data, skills and adoption. It is an institutional account of announced milestones, not an independent evaluation of their impact or a replacement for the regulatory framework.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/ai-continent-action-plan-delivers-major-milestones", "source": "Shaping Europe's Digital Future", "authorOrg": "European Commission", "type": "Strategy", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "EU", "date": "2026-04-09", "readingTime": "12 min", "badges": [ "Official", "EU", "English", "New 2026" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Balance publicado por la Comisión en abril de 2026 sobre el AI Continent Action Plan: cómputo, datos, competencias y adopción. Es un relato institucional de hitos anunciados, no una evaluación independiente de impacto ni una sustitución del marco regulatorio." }, { "id": "alia-40b", "title": "ALIA 40B Instruido", "description": "A late-2025 marker for Spain's public AI trajectory: a larger language model adapted to Spain's linguistic and cultural context. The sober reading is infrastructure first: benchmark performance should be tracked, but it is not the whole public-value test.", "url": "https://espanadigital.gob.es/en/actualidad/el-gobierno-pone-disposicion-del-ecosistema-espanol-un-nuevo-modelo-alia-con-40000", "source": "España Digital 2026", "authorOrg": "Government of Spain", "type": "Policy", "theme": "road-ahead", "language": "English", "countryScope": "Spain", "date": "2025-12-17", "readingTime": "5 min", "badges": [ "Official", "Spain", "English", "Compute" ], "isOfficial": true, "lastChecked": "29 Jul 2026", "summaryEs": "Hito de finales de 2025 para la trayectoria de IA pública de España: un modelo lingüístico de mayor tamaño, adaptado al contexto lingüístico y cultural español. La lectura prudente prioriza la infraestructura: hay que seguir sus resultados en benchmarks, pero no bastan para medir todo su valor público." } ] }